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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

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Published on: June 16, 2018

Engineered maize as a source of astaxanthin: processing and application as fish feed.

Jürgen Breitenbach¹, Marilise Nogueira², Gemma Farré³

¹Biosynthesis Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.

Transgenic Research

|August 14, 2016

Summary

Maize-derived astaxanthin effectively pigments rainbow trout flesh, comparable to synthetic sources. This natural carotenoid shows preferential uptake of related compounds in trout, impacting pigmentation efficiency.

Keywords:

Astaxanthin extraction Astaxanthin isomers GM maize Trout colouration Trout feeding

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Last Updated: Mar 16, 2026

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Published on: June 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Aquaculture Nutrition
Carotenoid Chemistry
Transgenic Crop Applications

Background:

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh pigmentation is crucial for market value.
Natural astaxanthin sources are sought after as alternatives to synthetic pigments.
Transgenic crops offer novel production platforms for valuable compounds like astaxanthin.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate astaxanthin extracted from transgenic maize as a feed supplement for rainbow trout pigmentation.
To develop and optimize an extraction and concentration process for maize-derived astaxanthin.
To assess the pigmentation efficacy and carotenoid uptake in trout fed with maize astaxanthin.

Main Methods:

Extraction of astaxanthin from transgenic maize using ethanol and vegetal oil.
Concentration of the astaxanthin preparation through multi-step phase partitioning.
Formulation of trout feed with specific astaxanthin concentrations (7 mg/kg and 72 mg/kg).
Assessment of trout fillet pigmentation using colorimetry and astaxanthin quantification.
Analysis of carotenoid composition in feed, flesh, and feces.

Main Results:

An efficient extraction and concentration method yielded a purified astaxanthin preparation.
The maize-derived astaxanthin consisted primarily of the 3S, 3'S enantiomer and all-E geometrical isomer.
Trout fillet pigmentation with maize astaxanthin was comparable to that achieved with synthetic astaxanthin.
Zeaxanthin and 4-keto zeaxanthin showed preferential uptake compared to astaxanthin in trout.

Conclusions:

Transgenic maize is a viable source for producing natural astaxanthin for aquaculture feed.
Optimized extraction and concentration are key for utilizing maize-derived astaxanthin effectively.
Understanding carotenoid uptake dynamics is important for maximizing pigmentation efficiency in farmed fish.