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Related Concept Videos

Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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X-linked Traits

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster
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Sexual dimorphism inDryopithecus africanus.

L O Greenfield1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 221 Angell Hall, 48104, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Primates; Journal of Primatology
|August 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male Dryopithecus africanus specimens were misclassified in other species. Reclassifying these males reveals significant cranial dimorphism within Dryopithecus africanus, improving our understanding of hominoid evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Primatology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The classification of Dryopithecus africanus specimens has been complicated by apparent sex imbalances.
  • Previous studies have suggested unequal representation of males and females within the Dryopithecus africanus fossil record.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the taxonomic status of specimens currently classified as Dryopithecus nyanzae and "Kenyapithecus africanus."
  • To identify and reassign male specimens belonging to Dryopithecus africanus.
  • To investigate and describe the cranial dimorphism of Dryopithecus africanus.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative morphological analysis of fossil hominoid specimens.
  • Taxonomic re-evaluation based on distinct anatomical features.
  • Cranial measurements and comparisons between male and female Dryopithecus africanus specimens.

Main Results:

  • Several specimens previously assigned to Dryopithecus nyanzae and "Kenyapithecus africanus" are reclassified as male Dryopithecus africanus.
  • The reclassified males exhibit distinct cranial features compared to female Dryopithecus africanus specimens.
  • Significant cranial dimorphism is evident within the species Dryopithecus africanus.

Conclusions:

  • The apparent scarcity of male Dryopithecus africanus is due to misclassification, not poor fossil sampling.
  • Reclassification of these specimens clarifies the sexual dimorphism within Dryopithecus africanus.
  • This study enhances the understanding of hominoid diversity and evolution during the Miocene epoch.