Spectrum of Ventricular Arrhythmias Arising from Papillary Muscle in the Structurally Normal Heart

Papillary muscle is an endocavitary structure that can give rise to ventricular arrhythmias in a structurally normal heart. Its manifestation is generally benign. The papillary muscle's complex anatomy and the presence of intermixed Purkinje fibers can create a substrate for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Although differentiating ventricular arrhythmias originating from the papillary muscle and the fascicles is challenging and not always possible, the distinction may be helpful for planning ablation. The propensity for difficulty with ablation of papillary arrhythmias results in a variable success rate. Improvement in techniques to stabilize the catheter, use of imaging, and methods of energy delivery are required to improve ablation outcomes.