Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

7.8K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
7.8K
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

10.2K
The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
10.2K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.0K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
17.0K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

2.4K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
2.4K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.1K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.1K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.8K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Duration of Initial Viremia Modulates Functional Properties of HIV-specific T Cell Receptors.

Research square·2026
Same author

Duration of Initial Viremia Modulates Functional Properties of HIV-specific T Cell Receptors.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell stemness precedes post-intervention control of HIV viraemia.

Nature·2025
Same author

CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell recall cytotoxicity during chronic treated HIV-1 infection is associated with limited reservoir size and activity.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

Guidelines for T cell nomenclature.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2025
Same author

Bayesian estimation of HIV acquisition dates for prevention trials.

mBio·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells
06:55

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells

Published on: February 22, 2020

19.6K

HLA-C levels impact natural killer cell subset distribution and function.

Magdalena Sips1, Qingquan Liu2, Monia Draghi3

  • 1Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Human Immunology
|August 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Higher HLA-C expression influences natural killer (NK) cell development and function. This may enhance HIV control by boosting NK cell antiviral activity, suggesting a role for HLA-C in both NK cell education and immune response.

Keywords:
HIV-1HLA-CKIRNatural killer cells

More Related Videos

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity
06:08

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Published on: August 9, 2017

25.4K
Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions
08:17

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Published on: October 30, 2016

22.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells
06:55

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells

Published on: February 22, 2020

19.6K
A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity
06:08

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Published on: August 9, 2017

25.4K
Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions
08:17

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Published on: October 30, 2016

22.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen C (HLA-C) expression differences correlate with HIV viral load and disease progression, impacting cytotoxic T cell immunity.
  • HLA-C is a primary ligand for natural killer (NK) cell killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), suggesting a role beyond T cell interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of HLA-C expression levels on NK cell activity and HIV antiviral control.
  • To explore the potential role of HLA-C in NK cell education, development, and disease-induced licensing.

Main Methods:

  • Phenotypic and functional profiling of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
  • Analysis of NK subset distribution, licensing, and cytokine secretion in relation to HLA-C expression levels.

Main Results:

  • HLA-C expression levels influenced NK subset distribution and licensing, particularly in specific HLA genotypes (HLA-C1/C1, KIR2DL3+2DL2-).
  • High HLA-C levels were associated with reduced frequencies of anergic CD56neg NKs and KIR2DL1/2/3+ NK cells, indicating an influence on NK cell development.
  • In HIV infection, individuals with higher HLA-C levels and spontaneous control showed robust NK cell IFN-γ secretion against target cells.

Conclusions:

  • HLA-C expression levels play a role in NK cell education and development, independent of disease.
  • Higher HLA-C levels may contribute to enhanced NK cell antiviral activity in HIV infection, suggesting a dual role in immune regulation.