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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of &beta;-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

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Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
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Glycolysis01:23

Glycolysis

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Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Lactic acidosis: an update.

Jansen Seheult, Gerard Fitzpatrick, Gerard Boran

    Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
    |August 15, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Lactate is a key metabolic intermediate with dual roles as waste or fuel. Elevated lactate in critically ill patients impacts outcomes, necessitating accurate measurement and understanding of interferences like ethylene glycol poisoning.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Metabolic pathways
    • Clinical chemistry

    Background:

    • Lactate serves as a crucial intermediate in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.
    • Its role varies from a waste product to a vital substrate depending on cellular context.
    • Elevated lactate levels in critically ill patients are linked to increased morbidity and mortality.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review lactate metabolism and lactic acidosis pathophysiology.
    • To discuss the clinical significance of D-lactate.
    • To examine lactate measurement in acutely ill patients, including assay interferences, particularly with ethylene glycol poisoning.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of lactate metabolism and clinical significance.
    • Discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms of lactic acidosis.

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  • Analysis of analytical methods for blood/plasma lactate measurement.

    • Main Results:

    • Lactate's dual role highlights metabolic complexity.
    • Lactic acidosis is a critical indicator in severe illness.
    • D-lactate has specific clinical implications.
    • Accurate lactate measurement is vital, but assays can be affected by interferences.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding lactate's multifaceted role is essential for managing critically ill patients.
    • Awareness of assay interferences, such as from ethylene glycol, is crucial for reliable lactate diagnostics.
    • Further research into lactate kinetics and measurement accuracy can improve patient outcomes.