Pre-processing in sentence comprehension: Sensitivity to likely upcoming meaning and structure

For more than a decade, views of sentence comprehension have been shifting toward wider acceptance of a role for linguistic pre-processing-that is, anticipation, expectancy, (neural) pre-activation, or prediction-of upcoming semantic content and syntactic structure. In this survey, we begin by examining the implications of each of these "brands" of predictive comprehension, including the issue of potential costs and consequences to not encountering highly constrained sentence input. We then describe a number of studies (many using online methodologies) that provide results consistent with prospective sensitivity to various grains and levels of semantic and syntactic information, acknowledging that such pre-processing is likely to occur in other linguistic and extralinguistic domains, as well. This review of anticipatory findings also includes some discussion on the relationship of priming to prediction. We conclude with a brief examination of some possible limits to prediction, and with a suggestion for future work to probe whether and how various strands of prediction may integrate during real-time comprehension.