Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

15.6K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
15.6K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

993
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
993
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

40.6K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
40.6K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

50.3K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
50.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interoperability of two commercial kits in detecting high oncogenic human papilloma virus and genetic diversity in Cameroon: implications for cervical cancer screening strategies in resource-limited settings.

Infectious agents and cancer·2026
Same author

Add-on efficacy of doravirine in PLWHIV with virological failure and low-level viremia.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy·2026
Same author

Effectiveness and Safety of Lenacapavir-Containing Regimens in Highly Experienced HIV-Infected Patients With Multidrug Resistance: Real-world Results From the French Compassionate Use Program <sup>a</sup>.

Open forum infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Guidance on the clinical management of HIV-1 persistent low-level viraemia on antiretroviral treatment: a scoping review and an international Delphi consensus.

The lancet. HIV·2026
Same author

A French national observatory of people with HIV initiating lenacapavir-based treatment after regulatory approval.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy·2026
Same author

HIV-1 subtype diversity in Europe.

The lancet. HIV·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

12.8K

Hiv-2 molecular epidemiology.

Benoit Visseaux1, Florence Damond1, Sophie Matheron2

  • 1INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|August 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVsmm) in sooty mangabeys, with two main groups (A and B) identified. This review explores HIV-2 origins, diversity, drug resistance, and global epidemiology.

Keywords:
EpidemiologyGenetic diversityHIV-2West Africa

More Related Videos

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
13:58

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

32.2K
A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
14:23

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

16.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

12.8K
Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
13:58

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

32.2K
A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
14:23

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

16.3K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus of sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm).
  • HIV-2 is primarily found in West Africa, affecting 1-2 million people, with presence in Europe, India, and the USA.
  • Two independent transmission events involving SIVsmm from Ivory Coast's Taï forest led to the major HIV-2 groups A and B.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular data on HIV-2 origins.
  • To analyze HIV-2 diversity, drug resistance, and global epidemiology.
  • To discuss preliminary findings on HIV-2 group A subtypes and recombinant forms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available molecular data.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data.
  • Examination of genetic diversity and drug resistance patterns.

Main Results:

  • SIVsmm is the origin of HIV-2, with two major transmission events creating groups A and B.
  • Seven additional HIV-2 groups have been identified in single patients.
  • Preliminary data suggests potential subtypes within HIV-2 group A, and two recombinant forms (CRF01_AB and one unique) have been described.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular data provides insights into the origins and evolution of HIV-2.
  • HIV-2 exhibits significant diversity with distinct geographical distributions.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize HIV-2 subtypes and recombinant forms.