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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
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Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

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TNF activity and T cells.

Amit K Mehta1, Donald T Gracias1, Michael Croft1

  • 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Immune Regulation, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.

Cytokine
|August 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced by T cells plays a dual role in immune responses, influencing T cell activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Understanding TNF’s impact on T cell subsets is crucial for autoimmune disease and cancer therapies.

Keywords:
T cellsTNFTNFR1TNFR2Treg

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key cytokine with diverse roles in inflammation and immunity.
  • TNF is involved in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and host defense against pathogens.
  • T cells produce TNF and are also targets of TNF signaling, particularly via TNFR2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of T cell-derived TNF in regulating T cell biology.
  • To explore how TNF signaling through TNFR2 influences T cell activation, proliferation, apoptosis, and regulatory T cell function.
  • To discuss the implications of targeting TNF or TNFR2 for modulating T cell populations in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing and novel data on TNF and T cells.
  • Analysis of TNF's effects on naive, effector, and regulatory T cell populations.
  • Examination of TNF signaling pathways involving TNFR2.

Main Results:

  • T cell-derived TNF can promote T cell activation and proliferation.
  • TNF can induce apoptosis in highly activated effector T cells, controlling T cell pool size.
  • TNF exhibits divergent effects on regulatory T cells, potentially downregulating suppression or promoting their development/accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • T cell-derived TNF significantly impacts T cell homeostasis and function.
  • TNF signaling via TNFR2 critically influences the balance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting TNF or TNFR2 could modulate T cell responses, with potential benefits and risks in various diseases.