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Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

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Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
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Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

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Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
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Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

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Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Using Changes in Leaf Transmission to Investigate Chloroplast Movement in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Chloroplast Translation Initiation Factors Regulate Leaf Variegation and Development.

Mengdi Zheng1, Xiayan Liu1, Shuang Liang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.).

Plant Physiology
|August 19, 2016
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Summary

SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION9 (SVR9) and SVR9-LIKE1 (SVR9L1) are essential chloroplast translation initiation factors crucial for plant survival. These factors also regulate leaf development, impacting anatomy and auxin homeostasis.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chloroplast development relies on coordinated nuclear and chloroplast gene expression.
  • Anterograde and retrograde signals regulate this coordination.
  • The Arabidopsis yellow variegated (var2) mutant is a tool for studying chloroplast development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genetic factors regulating chloroplast development.
  • To investigate the function of a novel suppressor of variegation, SVR9.
  • To explore the roles of SVR9 and its homolog SVR9L1 in plant development.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of the SVR9 gene.
  • Complementation of svr9-1 mutant with E. coli IF3.
  • Genetic analysis of svr9 and svr9l1 mutants.
  • Analysis of leaf anatomy and auxin response (DR5:GUS).

Main Results:

  • SVR9 encodes a chloroplast-localized translation initiation factor 3 (IF3).
  • SVR9 and SVR9L1 are functionally interchangeable and essential for chloroplast development and plant survival.
  • SVR9/SVR9L1 also regulate leaf development, affecting anatomy, venation, and leaf margins.
  • Disruption of SVR9/SVR9L1 function impacts auxin homeostasis.
  • Leaf margin development mediated by SVR9/SVR9L1 depends on CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2.

Conclusions:

  • Chloroplast IF3s (SVR9/SVR9L1) are essential for chloroplast development and plant viability.
  • Chloroplast IF3s play a dual role, also regulating leaf development independently of chloroplast function.
  • Findings reveal a novel link between chloroplast translation machinery and plant morphogenesis.