An Update on the Level of Evidence for Plastic Surgery Research Published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

In 2011, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS) implemented a level-of-evidence (LOE) pyramid to bring attention to evidence-based medicine and to promote quality of research. The objective of our study was to examine the current, overall quality of plastic surgery research when compared with that of the previous 30 years. Articles from PRS published in 2013 were culled for information, including LOE based on the assigned score from the LOE pyramid. (Animal, cadaver, and basic science studies; reviews; correspondence; and continuing medical education articles were excluded.) The LOE grades were compared with those from 1983, 1993, and 2003. In 2013, 536 articles were published in PRS; of these, 247 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The mean LOE in PRS for 2013 was 3.42. For the year 2003, the mean LOE was 4.16; 1993, 4.25; and 1983, 4.42. Analysis of variance indicated significant improvement in research quality over time (P < 0.001). In 2014, 216 of 489 published articles met the inclusion criteria. The mean LOE of PRS articles in 2014 was 3.33, demonstrating continued higher LOE. There was also a decrease in the percentage of level IV and V studies to 47.2% (from 51.4% in 2013), whereas higher quality level I and II studies had increased to 18.1% (from 17.4%). The quality of plastic surgery research has shown a continued upsurge as evidenced by overall improvement in LOE in published articles over the past 3 decades.