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Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory01:20

Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory

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Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
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Lazarus proposed that...
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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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Magical thinking encompasses the belief in assumptions that defy logical reasoning yet appear intuitively convincing. It is a common psychological phenomenon that persists across various cultural and individual contexts. While these assumptions contradict empirical evidence and scientific laws, they often serve meaningful psychological roles in promoting emotional resilience and a sense of control, especially under stress or uncertainty.Thought-Action Fusion and the Law of SimilarityA key...
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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Orthotopic Xenografting of Human Luciferase-Tagged Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells for in vivo Testing of Candidate Therapeutic Agents
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The Lazarus phenomenon.

Vaibhav Sahni1

  • 1Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, MMU, Haryana 133203, India.

JRSM Open
|August 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Lazarus phenomenon, an unassisted return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest, is likely underreported. This review synthesizes current knowledge on this rare but definitive event.

Keywords:
CPRLazarus phenomenoncardiac arrestmyocardial infarctionresuscitationreturn of spontaneous circulation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Science
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Clinical Case Studies

Background:

  • The Lazarus phenomenon, or autoejection phenomenon, describes the spontaneous return of circulation after cardiac arrest without ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  • This event is considered rare and significantly underreported in medical literature, potentially leading to an underestimation of its clinical incidence and significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize existing literature on the Lazarus phenomenon.
  • To consolidate current and historical knowledge regarding this rare post-resuscitation event.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major research databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, Medline, and PubMed.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on case reports of spontaneous return of circulation after cessation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and review articles specifically addressing the Lazarus phenomenon.
  • Search terms included 'Lazarus phenomenon', 'cardiopulmonary resuscitation', and 'return of spontaneous circulation'.

Main Results:

  • The Lazarus phenomenon, while rare, is a documented occurrence in medical literature.
  • Existing case reports and reviews provide a basis for understanding the characteristics and potential mechanisms of this event.
  • The precise incidence and clinical significance remain difficult to ascertain due to underreporting.

Conclusions:

  • The Lazarus phenomenon represents a distinct and intriguing event in the context of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
  • Further research and standardized reporting are needed to accurately determine the incidence and implications of the Lazarus phenomenon.
  • Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for appropriate clinical management and interpretation of resuscitation outcomes.