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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic technique used to identify and evaluate structural and functional diseases of the heart and major blood vessels. This technique diagnoses congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary spasms and assesses ventricular function. It helps guide treatment decisions, including the need for revascularization procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Transperineal Prostate Biopsy Using a Cone-shaped Double-hole Method with Dual-plane Probe Guidance
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Complications After Systematic, Random, and Image-guided Prostate Biopsy.

Marco Borghesi1, Hashim Ahmed2, Robert Nam3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Cardio-Nephro-Thoracic Sciences Doctorate, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

European Urology
|August 21, 2016
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Summary

Prostate biopsy complications are common but usually minor. However, the risk of serious infections is rising, necessitating careful patient evaluation before the procedure.

Keywords:
ComplicationsHospitalizationInfectionMRI-guided biopsyMortalityProstate biopsy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Prostate biopsy (PB) is the standard for diagnosing prostate cancer.
  • Newer MRI-guided techniques complement traditional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review complications associated with various prostate biopsy techniques.
  • Compare complication rates across transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided, transperineal, and MRI-guided PBs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of major databases (Web of Science, Embase, Scopus) up to October 2015.
  • Included 85 references analyzing complications and mortality from different PB approaches.
  • Followed PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews.

Main Results:

  • Bleeding (hematuria, hematospermia) is the most frequent, usually self-limiting complication.
  • Lower urinary tract symptoms and temporary erectile dysfunction occur; transperineal routes may increase urinary retention.
  • Infective complications are increasing, particularly in older men or those with comorbidities; MRI-targeted biopsy may lower this risk.
  • Mortality following PB is rare across all techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Prostate biopsy complications are frequent but typically not severe.
  • Increasing rates of severe infections necessitate careful pre-biopsy patient assessment, considering health status and potential antimicrobial resistance.
  • Minimizing infection risk requires thorough evaluation of patient's medical condition prior to biopsy.