Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.3K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.3K
Vision01:24

Vision

61.2K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.2K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.2K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.2K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

8.8K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
8.8K
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

1.6K
Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
1.6K
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

857
The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
857

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Testing and tracking in the UK: A dynamic causal modelling study.

Wellcome open research·2026
Same author

Correction to: Ultra-low-field brain MRI morphometry: Test-retest reliability and correspondence to high-field MRI.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

Selective Modulation of Evidence Accumulation by Hippocampal Theta Oscillations During Mnemonic Decision-Making.

Human brain mapping·2026
Same author

Mechanistic Underpinnings of Emotional Face Processing in Suicide Risk: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Cortisol on Neural Parameters Using Magnetoencephalography.

Psychiatric research and clinical practice·2026
Same author

Attentional bias to death-related stimuli: Modeling cortical dynamics underlying suicide risk.

Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging·2026
Same author

On the minimal theory of consciousness implicit in active inference.

Physics of life reviews·2025
Same journal

Correction: A method for supervoxel-wise association studies of age and other non-imaging variables from coronary computed tomography angiograms.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Poly(bromophenol blue)/CoSn(OH)<sub>6</sub> cubic particles modified pencil graphite electrode for electrochemical determination of diphenhydramine.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Dietary Chlorella, Spirulina, and acidifier modulate jejunal cytokine-related gene expression in broiler chickens.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Perceived physical activity barriers in university students: associations with fatigue and eating behaviours.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Refuge limitation structures habitat use in agricultural landscapes: evidence from Sunda pangolins.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Lightweight stateless transaction verification with outsourced witness updates for UTXO blockchains.

Scientific reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

1.0K

Inputs to prefrontal cortex support visual recognition in the aging brain.

Jessica R Gilbert1, Rosalyn J Moran1,2

  • 1Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.

Scientific Reports
|August 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older brains rely more on prefrontal cortex inputs for vision, unlike younger adults whose visual networks are driven by early visual regions. This highlights lifespan-dependent predictive neural coding in the aging brain.

More Related Videos

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

22.4K
Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

1.0K
Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

22.4K
Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Predictive coding models suggest top-down cortical signals optimize neural codes via sensory predictions.
  • Lifespan experience may influence the prominence of these predictive codes in the brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in predictive neural coding within the brain's visual networks.
  • To explore the role of prefrontal cortex inputs in visual processing across the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) analyzed connectivity in stimulus-evoked responses within visual networks.

Main Results:

  • Young adults showed signal propagation from early visual areas along reciprocal connections to other cortical regions.
  • Older adults exhibited visual network activity driven by both early visual and prefrontal cortical inputs.
  • Prefrontal inputs play a significant role in driving vision in aged brains.

Conclusions:

  • The findings demonstrate a prominent role for prefrontal inputs in driving visual processing in older adults.
  • Results support the concept of lifespan-dependent predictive neural codes, with aging influencing top-down predictive mechanisms.