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Nematode endoparasites do not codiversify with their stick insect hosts.

Chloé Larose1, Tanja Schwander1

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland.

Ecology and Evolution
|August 24, 2016
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Summary

Host-parasite coevolution often drives speciation. However, this study found no evidence of codivergence between Timema stick insects and their mermithid nematode parasites, suggesting geography, not host adaptation, shapes parasite diversity.

Keywords:
Codiversificationcophylogenyendoparasitehost–parasite interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Parasitology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Host-parasite interactions are key drivers of evolutionary diversification.
  • Coevolution can lead to parallel speciation, where hosts and parasites speciate in tandem.
  • Mermithid nematodes are endoparasites that infect and kill Timema stick insects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether host-parasite coevolution drives parallel diversification in Timema stick insects and their mermithid nematode endoparasites.
  • To determine the factors influencing the diversification of these nematode parasites.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analyses were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of both hosts and parasites.
  • Genetic variation among host and parasite populations was assessed.
  • The relationship between host divergence and parasite divergence was examined.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct lineages of endoparasitic nematodes were identified.
  • No evidence of codivergence was found between nematode lineages and their Timema stick insect hosts.
  • Strong isolation by distance was observed in nematode populations, indicating geographic structuring.

Conclusions:

  • Geographic factors, rather than host-specific adaptations, appear to be the primary drivers of diversification in these endoparasitic nematodes.
  • The findings contrast with expectations of codiversification and highlight the complex dynamics of host-parasite macroevolution.
  • Further research is needed to bridge micro- and macroevolutionary perspectives in host-parasite systems.