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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
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Detection of Black Holes01:10

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Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
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Current Topics in Gamma-Ray Astrophysics.

G J Mathews1, P Maronetti1, J Salmonson2

  • 1University of Notre Dame, Department of Physics 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|August 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neutron-star binaries may power gamma-ray bursts through a novel process. Relativistic compression of neutron stars can generate intense neutrino bursts, creating conditions for gamma-ray emission.

Keywords:
gamma-ray burstsneutrino burstssupernovae

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • High-Energy Physics
  • Nuclear Physics

Background:

  • Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intense, brief flashes of high-energy photons.
  • The precise origin and emission mechanisms of GRBs remain a significant challenge in astrophysics.
  • Neutron-star binaries are among the leading candidates for GRB progenitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a new physical process for powering gamma-ray bursts.
  • To explore the role of neutron-star binaries in GRB generation.
  • To present simulation results of a novel GRB model.

Main Methods:

  • General relativistic hydrodynamic simulations.
  • Modeling of neutrino emission from collapsing neutron stars.
  • Analysis of electron-positron pair plasma production via annihilation.
  • Simulation of resulting gamma-ray emission properties.

Main Results:

  • A novel mechanism involving relativistically driven compression, heating, and collapse of individual neutron stars is proposed.
  • This process can occur seconds before neutron star inspiral and merger.
  • A powerful neutrino burst (∼10^53 ergs) lasting several seconds is predicted.
  • Associated thermal neutrino emission can create an electron-positron pair plasma.
  • Simulated bursts produce approximately 10^51 ergs in gamma rays with appropriate spectral and temporal characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Neutron-star binaries offer a viable pathway for generating gamma-ray bursts.
  • Relativistic compression of neutron stars provides a new mechanism for powering GRBs.
  • The proposed model successfully reproduces key observed gamma-ray burst properties.