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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infection
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Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infection

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Vaccine adjuvants: Why and how.

Dennis Christensen1

  • 1a Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|August 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Subunit vaccines offer safety but reduced immunogenicity. Novel vaccine adjuvants are rationally designed to enhance immune response and vaccine effectiveness without compromising safety.

Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Subunit vaccines provide high purity, reducing adverse events but also potentially lowering immunogenicity.
  • Traditional adjuvants like aluminum salts have been used for decades.
  • Recent advances allow for rational design of novel vaccine adjuvants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role and development of vaccine adjuvants.
  • To address the challenge of low immunogenicity in subunit vaccines.
  • To highlight the shift towards rational design of adjuvants for improved vaccine efficacy and safety.

Main Methods:

  • Review of novel vaccine adjuvant strategies.
  • Analysis of immunological mechanisms influencing adjuvant design.
Keywords:
adjuvantimmunogenicityimmunostimulatorssub-unitvaccine

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  • Comparison of traditional and modern adjuvant approaches.

    • Main Results:

    • Novel adjuvants enhance and modulate vaccine immunogenicity.
    • Rational design leads to customized immune profiles.
    • Improved vaccine efficacy is achievable without compromising safety.

    Conclusions:

    • Vaccine adjuvants are crucial for enhancing subunit vaccine effectiveness.
    • Modern adjuvant development focuses on targeted immunomodulation.
    • Rationally designed adjuvants represent a significant advancement in vaccine technology.