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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Absorption of Nutrients01:19

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Absorption refers to taking dietary nutrients from the intestinal lumen for transportation throughout the body. After digestion in the small intestine, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler forms. These essential macronutrients and other vital substances, such as vitamins, minerals, and water, are then prepared for absorption into the bloodstream.
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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer: A Clinically Relevant In Vitro Model for Intestinal Barrier Function
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The endodermis as a checkpoint for nutrients.

Marie Barberon1

  • 1DBMV, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.

The New Phytologist
|August 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Plant roots absorb soil nutrients, which are then transported through root layers to the rest of the plant. The endodermis acts as a critical checkpoint, regulating nutrient uptake via specialized barriers.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nutrient Transport

Background:

  • Plant roots acquire essential nutrients from the soil.
  • Nutrients move through root tissues: epidermis, cortex, and endodermis.
  • The endodermis, surrounding vasculature, possesses Casparian strips and suberin lamellae, acting as barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in endodermis differentiation.
  • To elucidate the role of endodermal barriers in nutrient acquisition.
  • To highlight the endodermis's function as a nutrient checkpoint.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on endodermis development and function.
  • Analysis of molecular networks controlling endodermal differentiation.
Keywords:
Casparian stripsbarrierendodermisnutrientrootsuberin lamellaetransport

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  • Examination of endodermal barrier formation and plasticity.

    • Main Results:

    • The molecular control of endodermis differentiation is a recent area of investigation.
    • Endodermal barriers (Casparian strips, suberin lamellae) are crucial for regulating nutrient flow.
    • Endodermis exhibits developmental plasticity, adapting its barrier function.

    Conclusions:

    • The endodermis plays a pivotal role in controlling nutrient uptake in plants.
    • Understanding endodermis differentiation is key to optimizing plant nutrition.
    • The endodermis functions as a critical checkpoint for nutrient transport into the vasculature.