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Adhesion

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...

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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components – Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components – Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)

Published on: January 7, 2019

Sem analysis zirconia-ceramic adhesion interface.

P Cardelli¹, V Vertucci², M Montani²

¹Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.

ORAL & Implantology

|August 25, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A lasting bond between zirconia and ceramics is achievable in modern dentistry. The bond type and failure mode depend on specimen design, with cohesive failure in zirconia-enveloped ceramics and adhesive failure otherwise.

Keywords:

adhesion ceramic failure interface sem-analysis zirconia

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Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Ceramic Engineering

Background:

Modern dentistry prioritizes aesthetic and biomimetic materials.
Zirconia and ceramics are widely used for their aesthetic properties.
The nature of the bond between zirconia and ceramics remains a subject of debate.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the type and nature of the bond between zirconia and ceramic materials.
To analyze the bonding characteristics under mechanical stress.
To identify potential failure modes in zirconia-ceramic composites.

Main Methods:

Utilized Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for high-magnification analysis.
Tested bilaminar zirconia (Zircodent®) and ceramic (Noritake®) specimens.
Performed three-point bending tests and Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis.

Main Results:

SEM analysis revealed no clear margins or zones of non-adhesion between zirconia and ceramic.
Fragments adjacent to fracture points showed no definitive signs of separation.
Mechanical testing provided insights into material behavior under stress.

Conclusions:

A durable bond can be achieved between zirconia and ceramics.
The type of bond (cohesive vs. adhesive) depends on specimen configuration.
Cohesive failure occurs when ceramic framework envelops zirconia, while adhesive failure is observed otherwise.