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Measuring Phagosome pH by Ratiometric Fluorescence Microscopy
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Chloride flux in phagocytes.

Guoshun Wang1

  • 1Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Genetics and Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|August 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Chloride ions are vital for phagocytes to kill microbes. This review explores how these immune cells acquire and transport chloride for essential functions, addressing gaps in current knowledge.

Keywords:
NADPH oxidasechloridehypochlorous acicmonocytes/macrophagesneutrophilsoxidants

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages engulf microbes, requiring ions for effective killing.
  • Chloride is crucial for the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system producing hypochlorous acid, a potent microbicide.
  • Chloride also regulates phagocyte membrane potential, pH, and enzyme activity, with deficiencies linked to immune defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review chloride acquisition and transport mechanisms in phagocytes.
  • To explore how phagocytes obtain chloride from their environment, especially in epithelial lumens.
  • To discuss intracellular chloride supply to phagosomes for microbicidal oxidant production.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on chloride transport proteins.
  • It examines potential mechanisms for phagocytic chloride uptake and retention.
  • Methods for measuring intracellular and phagosomal chloride levels are discussed.

Main Results:

  • Chloride is indispensable for phagocyte microbicidal activity via the MPO-H2O2-halide system.
  • Mechanisms of chloride acquisition and intracellular transport to phagosomes are not fully understood.
  • Defects in chloride homeostasis impair innate immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding chloride transport in phagocytes is critical for innate immunity.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate chloride acquisition and intracellular trafficking pathways.
  • Targeting chloride pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for immune disorders.