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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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[Thymomas].

A Marx1, C-A Weis2, P Ströbel3

  • 1Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland. Alexander.Marx@umm.de.

Der Pathologe
|August 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The new World Health Organization (WHO) thymoma classification refines diagnostic criteria for these rare mediastinal tumors. It aims to improve reproducibility by detailing features and immunohistochemical profiles, addressing diagnostic challenges.

Keywords:
Differential diagnosisHistological patternsImmunohistochemistryThymic carcinomaWHO classification

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thymomas are uncommon mediastinal neoplasms in adults with diverse histological, biological, and genetic characteristics.
  • Tumor heterogeneity and overlapping features complicate thymoma classification, often necessitating complex diagnostic algorithms.
  • Current classification challenges stem from a lack of subtype-specific markers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the novel aspects of the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification of thymomas.
  • To highlight diagnostic pitfalls and differential diagnostic challenges in thymoma identification.
  • To emphasize the refined presentation of thymoma subtypes, including obligatory and optional features and diagnostic immunohistochemical profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for thymomas.
  • Analysis of histological, biological, and genetic variability within thymoma entities.
  • Discussion of diagnostic immunohistochemical profiles and their role in classification.

Main Results:

  • The new WHO classification provides refined criteria for thymoma diagnosis, focusing on specific features and immunohistochemistry.
  • Improved diagnostic reproducibility is anticipated due to clearer definitions and algorithms.
  • Common differential diagnostic challenges and potential pitfalls are identified.

Conclusions:

  • The revised WHO classification represents a significant advancement in standardizing thymoma diagnosis.
  • Understanding these updates is crucial for accurate classification and patient management.
  • Addressing diagnostic pitfalls will enhance the reliability of thymoma subtyping.