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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
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Gestational diabetes: An overview with attention for developing countries.

M Schiavone, G Putoto, F Laterza

    Endocrine Regulations
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy-related glucose intolerance with multifactorial causes. This review covers GDM epidemiology, diagnosis, and management, with a focus on low-income countries and future research needs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Endocrinology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance first identified during pregnancy.
    • GDM has complex, multifactorial etiology with incompletely established causes.
    • Existing management and follow-up guidelines for GDM lack global consensus, particularly for low-income nations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on GDM.
    • To detail the epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, and management of GDM.
    • To highlight the specific challenges and research gaps concerning GDM in low-income countries.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on GDM.
    • Analysis of epidemiological data and diagnostic criteria.
    • Examination of current management strategies and their applicability in diverse economic settings.

    Main Results:

    • GDM is a significant pregnancy complication with multifactorial origins.
    • There is a lack of standardized international guidelines for GDM care.
    • Low-income countries face unique challenges in GDM diagnosis and management.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of GDM's multifaceted nature is crucial.
    • Standardized global guidelines are needed for effective GDM management.
    • Further research is essential to address GDM disparities in low-income countries.