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Infant lower extremity long bone growth rates: comparison of contemporary with early 20th century data using mixed
Andy Tsai1, Catherine Stamoulis1, Ignasi Barber2
1Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Insights
Modern infant long bone growth standards are established using radiographic data, revealing contemporary infants have longer bones at birth but slower growth rates than those from the 1930s.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric radiology
- Skeletal development
- Quantitative imaging analysis
Background:
- Current reference standards for infant long bone growth are outdated.
- Accurate growth data is crucial for assessing skeletal development in infants.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a quantitative framework for lower extremity bone shaft growth in infants (≤1 year).
- To compare contemporary infant bone growth to historical data from the 1930s.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective collection of femoral, tibial, and fibular shaft lengths from 70 infants (2005-2013).
- Comparison with a historical dataset of 80 infants from the 1930s.
- Development of mixed effects regression models to estimate growth trajectories and rates.
Main Results:
- Statistically distinct growth models were identified for contemporary and historical datasets.
- Contemporary infants showed longer bone shafts at birth but slower growth rates compared to historical data.
- Short-term growth rates decreased with age, and sexual dimorphism was not significant.
Conclusions:
- Provides updated reference standards for infant long bone growth rates.
- Aids clinical assessment and research on disorders affecting skeletal growth.
Objectives:
Modern reference standards for long bone growth are lacking for infants (≤1 year). This study develops a quantitative framework to characterize lower extremity bone shaft growth during infancy based on radiographic images, and compares it to data from the 1930s.
Methods:
Femoral, tibial, and fibular shaft length measurements (diaphysis plus metaphysis) were collected retrospectively from 70 infants on initial and follow-up skeletal surveys performed for suspected abuse (7/2005-2/2013). These serial skeletal survey data (SSSD) were compared to the Denver Child Research Council data (DCRCD), a 1930's longitudinal dataset from 80 infants. Mixed effects regression models were developed to estimate growth trajectories from these data. Growth trajectories and short-term (≤2 months) growth rates were compared.
Results:
Statistically distinct models described the contemporary (SSSD) and historic (DCRCD) datasets; however, there was substantial overlap (77-90%) between their confidence bands for the three measured bones. Based on developed models, the average long bone shafts of the DCRCD are shorter at birth than SSSD (femur: 77.0 vs. 82.3 mm; tibia: 64.4 vs. 68.2 mm; fibula: 61.0 vs. 64.4 mm), but the DCRCD long bone growth rates are faster than SSSD (femur: 0.21 vs. 0.17 mm/day; tibia: 0.16 vs. 0.14 mm/day; fibula: 0.15 vs. 0.14 mm/day). Short-term growth rates of these bones decreased with age. The effect of sexual dimorphism on long bone growth during infancy was non-significant.
Conclusion:
This study provides reference standards for long bone growth rates during the dynamic period of infancy that may aid clinical assessment, and also inform research studies of disorders associated with altered skeletal growth.
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