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Quantifying Phishing Susceptibility for Detection and Behavior Decisions.

Casey Inez Canfield1, Baruch Fischhoff2, Alex Davis2

  • 1Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania caseycan@gmail.com.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Users remain vulnerable to phishing attacks due to limited detection abilities, even when cautious. Understanding individual decision-making factors like confidence and perceived consequences is key to developing effective anti-phishing interventions.

Keywords:
cybersecuritymetacognitionperception-actionsignal detection theoryvigilance

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Area of Science:

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Cybersecurity
  • Cognitive psychology

Background:

  • Phishing attacks pose significant security risks, as technological solutions alone are insufficient when human operators are involved.
  • Effective risk management necessitates a deep understanding of user decision-making processes in security contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify user vulnerability to phishing attacks using signal detection theory.
  • To analyze how task variations (detection vs. behavior) and experimental conditions influence performance in identifying and responding to phishing attempts.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using a scenario-based online task to compare performance on email detection and behavioral response tasks.
  • Experimental manipulations included task order, base rate notification, and the specific task participants performed.

Main Results:

  • Participants demonstrated limited detection ability, leaving them vulnerable to phishing despite cautious behavior.
  • Higher sensitivity to phishing was correlated with increased confidence, while a greater willingness to treat emails as legitimate was linked to lower perceived consequences and higher confidence.
  • These decision-making patterns remained consistent across different experimental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Phishing susceptibility is influenced by individual detection abilities, response biases, confidence levels, and perceived consequences.
  • Task type (message evaluation versus action response) significantly impacts performance, whereas other task variations do not.