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Types of Selection

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

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Factorial Design

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Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups

Published on: May 13, 2022

On the effectiveness of multilevel selection.

Charles J Goodnight¹

¹Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. charles.goodnight@uvm.edu http://www.uvm.edu/~biology/?Page=faculty/goodnight.php

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences

|August 27, 2016

Summary

Multilevel selection, including group and community selection, influences evolution differently than individual selection. This highlights the importance of community selection in the development of highly social species.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Behavioral ecology

Background:

Group selection operates at multiple levels, influencing indirect genetic effects.
The evolutionary dynamics of group and community selection differ from individual selection.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of multilevel selection in the evolution of supersocial societies.
To assess the effectiveness of community selection in evolutionary processes.

Main Methods:

Experimental studies of group selection.
Analysis of indirect genetic effects.

Main Results:

Higher levels of selection (group, community) impact indirect genetic effects.
Community selection demonstrates effectiveness in experimental settings.

Conclusions:

Multilevel selection is crucial for understanding the evolution of supersociality.
Community selection may be a significant factor in the evolution of supersocial species.