Bacterial membrane vesicles: Biogenesis, immune regulation and pathogenesis

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Immunology
• Pathogenesis

Background:

• Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were initially considered artifacts of bacterial growth.
• OMVs are now recognized as essential components in Gram-negative bacteria, influencing host pathogenesis.
• Recent discoveries show membrane vesicle (MV) production extends to Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, parasites, and host cells, broadening research scope.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in bacterial MV biogenesis.
• To discuss mechanisms of MV-mediated immune modulation and pathogenesis.
• To highlight the role of extracellular vesicles from diverse organisms and commensal bacteria.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on recent findings in MV biogenesis and function.
• Analysis of studies on MV contributions to pathogenesis and immunity.
• Examination of research on extracellular vesicles from various microbial and host sources.

Main Results:

• Bacterial MVs are integral to normal growth and pathogenesis across diverse species.
• Extracellular vesicles from Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, parasites, and host cells play significant roles in disease.
• Commensal bacteria-derived MVs also exhibit important functional roles.

Conclusions:

• Bacterial MVs are critical mediators of pathogenesis and immune responses.
• Extracellular vesicles represent a conserved mechanism across different life forms.
• Bacterial MVs show promise as platforms for developing novel vaccines targeting cellular and humoral immunity.