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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
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Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Genetically Engineered Mouse Models and Pathological Characterization of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Associated Tumors
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Orbital peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Adam R Sweeney1, Divakar Gupta2, C Dirk Keene3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|August 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the orbit are rare and present unique diagnostic challenges. This review summarizes their clinical, histopathologic, radiological, and molecular features for better understanding and management.

Keywords:
histologymagnetic resonance imagingmalignantneurilemmomaneurinomaneurofibromaneurofibromatosispathologyperipheral nerve sheath tumorschwannoma

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuropathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) affecting the orbit and ocular adnexa are uncommon.
  • These neoplasms often exhibit nonspecific clinical signs, diverse locations, and complex management, posing diagnostic difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of orbital and ocular adnexal PNSTs.
  • To summarize current knowledge on their clinical, histopathologic, radiological, and molecular characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PNSTs in the orbit and ocular adnexa.
  • Synthesis of information regarding clinical presentation, histopathology, imaging findings, and molecular alterations.

Main Results:

  • PNSTs in this region present with varied clinical manifestations and locations.
  • Histopathologic, radiological, and emerging molecular features are crucial for accurate diagnosis and classification.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the multifaceted features of orbital PNSTs is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment.
  • Further research into molecular aspects may offer novel therapeutic targets.