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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis
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Hypocalcaemia of malignancy.

A Schattner1, I Dubin, R Huber

  • 1Department of Medicine, Laniado Hospital, Sanz Medical Center, Netanya and the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.

The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypocalcaemia, or low calcium, is increasingly seen in cancer patients, affecting up to 10% of those hospitalized. Understanding its diverse causes is key for effective treatment and management.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia of malignancy is well-documented.
  • Hypocalcemia in cancer patients is less recognized but increasingly encountered.

Observation:

  • Hypocalcemia affects up to 10% of hospitalized cancer patients.
  • Twelve distinct mechanisms of hypocalcemia of malignancy were identified.

Findings:

  • Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, creatinine, phosphate, magnesium, creatine kinase, liver enzymes, and 25(OH)D aid in bedside diagnosis.
  • Mechanisms include decreased/normal PTH (e.g., hypomagnesemia, cinacalcet) or elevated PTH (e.g., renal impairment, critical illness, cell destruction, malabsorption, vitamin D deficiency, osteoblastic metastases).
  • Multiple mechanisms can coexist, influencing treatment and prognosis.

Implications:

  • Recognizing and diagnosing hypocalcemia in cancer patients is crucial.
  • Pathogenesis dictates appropriate treatment strategies.
  • Unlike hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia of malignancy itself does not necessarily indicate a worse prognosis.