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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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A Protocol for the International Translation and Validation of the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale for Preterm Birth [PSAS-PTB] and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [PSAS-NICU] Contexts.

International journal of methods in psychiatric research·2026
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Investigating the Acceptability and Feasibility of Three Online Interventions for Caregivers of Infants with Feeding Difficulties.

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Evaluating the Government Response to the House of Lords Inquiry Into Preterm Birth: A Commentary on the Gaps in Maternal Mental Healthcare.

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Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety.

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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents
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The Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale: development and preliminary validation.

Victoria Fallon1, Jason Christian Grovenor Halford2, Kate Mary Bennett2

  • 1Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK. vfallon@liverpool.ac.uk.

Archives of Women'S Mental Health
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

A new Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) was developed and validated to accurately measure postpartum anxieties in mothers. This reliable tool shows promise for both research and screening of maternal mental health.

Keywords:
AnxietyMaternal mental healthPostpartumPsychometricsScale development

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Perinatal anxiety is prevalent and impacts outcomes.
  • Pregnancy-specific anxiety measures are effective predictors.
  • No validated measure exists for postpartum-specific anxieties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop and validate the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS).
  • Assess anxieties unique to the postpartum period.
  • Provide a reliable tool for research and screening.

Main Methods:

  • Four-stage methodology: item generation from interviews, expert review, pilot study, and large-scale online validation.
  • Data collected from 1282 mothers with infants up to 6 months.
  • Psychometric properties assessed, including validity, reliability, and factor structure via Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Main Results:

  • The PSAS demonstrated good face and content validity, and was comprehensible and acceptable.
  • Significant correlations with convergent measures confirmed good convergent validity.
  • PCA revealed a clear four-factor structure; reliability was good to excellent.
  • Preliminary analysis suggests potential as a screening tool.

Conclusions:

  • The Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) is a valid, reliable, and acceptable research tool for postpartum anxieties.
  • The scale's psychometric properties support its use in research and potentially for screening.
  • Further iterative validation is planned for research and clinical screening applications.