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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Non-coding RNAs: Classification, Biology and Functioning.

Sonja Hombach1, Markus Kretz2

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. sonja.hombach@ur.de.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs, once considered exceptions, are now recognized as crucial regulators of gene expression. This chapter explores diverse short and long non-coding RNAs and their roles in mammalian gene regulation.

Keywords:
BiogenesisClassificationFunctionNon-coding RNAlncRNAmiRNApiRNArRNAsnRNAsnoRNAtRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The central dogma of molecular biology posits DNA as the template for RNA and protein synthesis.
  • Numerous exceptions, including various functional RNAs (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs), challenge this traditional view.
  • Recent discoveries include regulatory small non-coding RNAs (piRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs) and thousands of long non-coding RNAs in mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce various classes of short and long non-coding RNAs.
  • To describe their diverse roles in mammalian gene regulation.
  • To provide examples of their mechanisms of action.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on non-coding RNAs.
  • Categorization of non-coding RNAs based on size and function.
  • Analysis of reported biological processes influenced by non-coding RNAs.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNAs are involved in translation, splicing, RNA modification, and gene regulation.
  • Short non-coding RNAs (piRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression.
  • Long non-coding RNAs regulate chromatin, gene expression, mRNA stability, and epigenetic processes.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs play fundamental and diverse roles in mammalian biology.
  • Understanding non-coding RNA functions is essential for comprehending gene regulation.
  • This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of non-coding RNA classes and their regulatory mechanisms.