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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Non-coding RNAs Functioning in Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells.

Daniele Fanale1, Nadia Barraco1, Angela Listì1

  • 1Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor growth and resistance. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are key regulators of colorectal cancer stem cell (CRCSC) properties and progression.

Keywords:
Cancer stem cellsColorectal cancerDifferentiationEpithelial-mesenchymal transitionMicroRNAsNon-coding RNAsSelf-renewalSignaling pathwaysStemnessTumorigenicity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis posits that a subpopulation of cells with self-renewal properties drives tumor initiation, progression, and treatment resistance.
  • Colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) exhibit enhanced self-renewal, multipotency, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy, partly due to activated signaling pathways like Wnt, Notch, Sonic Hedgehog, and BMP.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles in various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of ncRNAs in the acquisition and maintenance of stemness in colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs).
  • To elucidate how ncRNAs modulate key signaling pathways that govern CRCSC phenotype, growth, carcinogenesis, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ncRNAs, CRCSCs, and associated signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs and lncRNAs in colorectal cancer stemness.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs significantly influence CRCSC characteristics by modulating the expression of stem cell transcription factors.
  • Specific miRNAs and lncRNAs have been identified as key players in regulating Wnt, Notch, Sonic Hedgehog, and BMP signaling in CRCSCs.
  • Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to enhanced proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance in colorectal cancer.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are crucial regulators of stemness in colorectal cancer, impacting tumor initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes.
  • Targeting ncRNAs presents a promising therapeutic strategy for overcoming CSC-mediated resistance in colorectal cancer.
  • Further research into ncRNA mechanisms can unveil novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CRC.