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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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In the complex environment of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion can lead to the formation or worsening of ulcers within the delicate mucosal layer. Antacids, such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, provide relief by neutralizing this acid, transforming it into harmless salt and water. This neutralization process raises the gastric pH from a highly acidic level of 1 to a more basic 3-4, reducing the acidity within the stomach.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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Calcitroic Acid-A Review.

Olivia B Yu1, Leggy A Arnold1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States.

ACS Chemical Biology
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Calcitroic acid, a vitamin D metabolite, has limited known functions despite its discovery decades ago. Further research is crucial to understand its physiological role and biological activity.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Calcitroic acid is a key vitamin D metabolite with largely unknown functions.
  • Despite its importance, research on calcitroic acid's endogenous formation and physiological role is scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthetic strategies for calcitroic acid.
  • To highlight gaps in knowledge regarding calcitroic acid's metabolism and biological activity.
  • To emphasize the need for further research into calcitroic acid's physiological significance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of four reported synthetic strategies for calcitroic acid.
  • Discussion of studies on endogenous calcitroic acid formation in rat kidneys.
  • Analysis of in vitro studies on calcitroic acid's interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

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Main Results:

  • Four synthetic routes to calcitroic acid have been developed, with the latest achieving a 12.8% yield over 13 steps.
  • Endogenous formation of calcitroic acid was observed in perfused rat kidneys.
  • In vitro studies show calcitroic acid binds VDR and induces gene transcription at high concentrations, but not in target organ cells.

Conclusions:

  • Current knowledge of calcitroic acid is limited, with its physiological role remaining largely unknown.
  • The exact enzymatic pathways for calcitroic acid formation (e.g., involving CYP24A1 or CYP27B1) are unclear.
  • More research is needed to elucidate the biological functions and target organ effects of calcitroic acid.