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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
91
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

119
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
1.6K
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

8.1K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
8.1K
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

87
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
87
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

86
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
86

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Related Experiment Video

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Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation
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HLA and Delayed Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity.

Bernardo Sousa-Pinto1, Cláudia Correia, Lídia Gomes

  • 1Laboratory of Immunology, Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
|September 1, 2016
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Summary

Certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are linked to severe delayed drug allergy reactions. Genetic screening can now help prevent these unpredictable and potentially fatal reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Drug Hypersensitivity

Background:

  • Delayed drug allergy reactions (DDAR) pose significant health risks.
  • Specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are increasingly associated with DDAR.
  • Examples include HLA-B*57:01 with abacavir, HLA-B*15:02/HLA-A*31:01 with carbamazepine, and HLA-B*58:01 with allopurinol.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacogenetics of well-established HLA-allele associations with DDAR.
  • To explore proposed pathogenesis models for these reactions.
  • To evaluate current genetic screening strategies and discuss clinical implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pharmacogenetic studies of HLA and DDAR.
  • Analysis of proposed immunogenetic and molecular mechanisms.
  • Assessment of genetic screening approaches and their clinical utility.

Main Results:

  • Strong associations exist between specific HLA alleles and hypersensitivity to certain drugs.
  • Understanding these links allows for prediction and potential prevention of severe reactions.
  • Pathogenesis models highlight the role of HLA in immune-mediated drug responses.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenetic testing for specific HLA alleles can prevent severe DDAR.
  • Further research into immunogenetics and mechanisms is crucial for broader clinical application.
  • Genetic screening represents a significant advancement in personalized medicine for drug safety.