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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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Magnetic measurements with atomic-plane resolution.

Ján Rusz1, Shunsuke Muto2, Jakob Spiegelberg1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

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|September 1, 2016
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Researchers developed a new electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) technique using a standard electron microscope. This method achieves atomic-plane resolution, enabling widespread access to nanoscale magnetic measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Magnetic nanotechnologies require experimental methods with subnanometre spatial resolution for magnetic property analysis.
  • Existing techniques like X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and classical electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) have limitations in spatial resolution or surface-only detection.
  • Atomic resolution EMCD has been theoretically proposed but not experimentally demonstrated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) technique capable of achieving atomic-plane resolution.
  • To enable widespread adoption of high-resolution magnetic spectroscopy in standard laboratory settings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a probe-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) in its standard operation mode.
  • Implemented a phase ramp in the electron beam wavefunction via controlled beam displacement.
  • Detected EMCD signals with atomic-plane resolution.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated an EMCD technique with an atomic-size electron probe.
  • Achieved atomic-plane resolution in EMCD signal detection.
  • The method is compatible with standard STEM operation, requiring no specialized equipment beyond probe correction.

Conclusions:

  • This work presents the first experimental realization of atomic resolution EMCD.
  • The developed technique democratizes access to nanoscale magnetic measurements, making it available to numerous laboratories worldwide.
  • This advancement is crucial for the rapid development of magnetic nanotechnologies.