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Related Concept Videos

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

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In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials01:24

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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests
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Post-yield and failure properties of cortical bone.

Uwe Wolfram1, Jakob Schwiedrzik2

  • 1School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute for Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, UK.

Bonekey Reports
|September 1, 2016
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Summary

Aging bone fractures are a major health issue. This review explores cortical bone

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • Aging skeletons are susceptible to fractures, impacting quality of life.
  • Cortical bone's mechanical integrity is crucial for bone strength, especially in older adults.
  • Current understanding of bone mechanics at the macroscale is extensive, but micromechanical behavior remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on post-yield and failure properties of cortical bone.
  • To investigate the micromechanical behavior and scale transition of bone's mechanical properties in aging.
  • To provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in cortical bone research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of micromechanical material behavior.
  • Analysis of scale transition in bone's mechanical properties.
  • Focus on extracellular matrix and tissue-level properties.

Main Results:

  • Cortical bone's role in fracture resistance is critical in the aging skeleton.
  • Micromechanical insights into bone failure are essential for understanding age-related skeletal diseases.
  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding the transition of bone properties from micro to macro levels.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cortical bone micromechanics is vital for addressing age-related fractures.
  • Further research is needed to bridge the gap between microscale material behavior and whole bone strength.
  • This review highlights the importance of studying bone at multiple scales for skeletal health.