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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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A resegmentation-shift model for vertebral patterning.

Lizzy Ward1, Susan E Evans1, Claudio D Stern1

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.

Journal of Anatomy
|September 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertebral column segmentation involves resegmentation and cell shifting. This study proposes a new

Keywords:
carbocyanine dyecentrumdensfate mapintervertebral discodontoid processskeletal development

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Embryology
  • Vertebrate anatomy

Background:

  • Vertebrate body axis segmentation is established by somites, forming axial muscles (myotome) and vertebrae (sclerotome).
  • Muscle attachment to successive vertebrae requires myotome and sclerotome repositioning by half a segment.
  • Existing models of vertebral formation ('resegmentation' vs. 'sclerotome shift') present conflicting evidence and haven't considered regional variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of vertebral column segmentation in chick embryos.
  • To clarify the contributions of somites to vertebral formation.
  • To determine if regional differences exist in vertebral patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized DiI and DiO cell tracing techniques.
  • Tracked somite cell contributions to vertebrae in different axial regions of chick embryos.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that vertebral bodies and neural arches form via resegmentation.
  • Showed that sclerotome cell shifting occurs in a region-specific manner based on dorsoventral position.
  • Identified distinct mechanisms contributing to vertebral patterning along the axial column.

Conclusions:

  • Proposed a novel 'resegmentation-shift' model for amniote vertebral patterning.
  • Highlighted the importance of regional specificity in embryonic development.
  • Integrated existing models to explain complex vertebral formation.