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Related Concept Videos

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

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The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
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Worrying about weird winters.

Brent Sinclair1

  • 1Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; London, ON, Canada.

Temperature (Austin, Tex.)
|September 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Changing winters significantly impact biological processes. More research is needed to predict climate change effects on winter biology and link winter conditions to organism performance.

Keywords:
climate changecold toleranceenergeticshibernationoverwinteringsnow coverthermal variability

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Change Biology

Background:

  • Winter conditions are crucial for biological processes in temperate, alpine, and polar regions.
  • Current understanding of winter biology's response to climate change is limited.
  • Predicting the impacts of changing winters on organisms remains a significant challenge.

Discussion:

  • The study highlights a critical knowledge gap in understanding winter ecology.
  • Linking winter environmental factors to subsequent growing-season outcomes is essential for ecological forecasting.
  • Climate change is altering winter dynamics, necessitating updated biological models.

Key Insights:

  • Winter is a primary driver of ecological processes across diverse environments.
  • There is insufficient knowledge to forecast how climate change will affect winter biology.
  • Connecting winter conditions to organism performance is vital for ecological prediction.

Outlook:

  • Future research should focus on quantifying the impacts of altered winter conditions on biodiversity.
  • Developing predictive models that integrate winter ecology is crucial for conservation efforts.
  • Understanding climate change effects on winter biology is key to anticipating ecosystem responses.