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Obesity in pregnancy: risks and management.

Kate J Fitzsimons1, Jo Modder2, Ian A Greer3

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Maternal obesity significantly increases risks for both mothers and babies, including miscarriage, diabetes, and stillbirth. This review covers prevalence, complications, and care recommendations for obese pregnant individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Public Health
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Maternal obesity is a prevalent and significant risk factor in contemporary obstetric practice.
  • Obesity during pregnancy is linked to numerous adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Intrauterine exposure to maternal obesity can lead to long-term childhood health issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence of obesity in pregnancy.
  • To detail the associated maternal and fetal complications.
  • To provide recommendations for comprehensive care of women with obesity throughout the reproductive journey.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on maternal obesity and pregnancy outcomes.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on obesity prevalence.
  • Synthesis of evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Women with obesity face higher risks of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, operative delivery, and breastfeeding difficulties.
  • Infants born to obese mothers have increased risks of stillbirth, congenital anomalies, macrosomia, prematurity, and neonatal mortality.
  • Prenatal exposure to maternal obesity is associated with elevated risks of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal obesity presents substantial risks requiring focused attention in preconception, antenatal, and postnatal care.
  • Evidence-based strategies are crucial for mitigating complications associated with obesity in pregnancy.
  • Further research, particularly in the UK, is needed to address knowledge gaps and refine care protocols.