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Related Concept Videos

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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BESS tribute to Michael Selby Watson (1941-2024) : Founding member and President of BESS High performing athlete, Royal Air Force Officer, Academic Researcher, Diplomat, Ambassador, Shoulder Giant, Second President of the European Society for Surgery of the Shoulder and Elbow (ESSSE/SECEC), Founding member and Third President of British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) and Corresponding Member American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Scapular Winging.

Benjamin W T Gooding1, John M Geoghegan1, W Angus Wallace1

  • 1Nottingham Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.

Shoulder & Elbow
|September 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scapula winging is often caused by long thoracic nerve issues. This review covers anatomy, causes, and treatments for this condition.

Keywords:
Scapular winginglong thoracic nerverhomboidsserratus anteriortrapezius

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Scapula winging is a condition characterized by the abnormal prominence of the scapula.
  • It can lead to shoulder dysfunction and pain.
  • Understanding its causes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical basis of scapula winging.
  • To explore the various etiological factors contributing to scapula winging.
  • To discuss current and proposed treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of relevant anatomical and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of proposed etiological factors for scapula winging.
  • Synthesis of treatment options based on identified causes.

Main Results:

  • The long thoracic nerve is identified as the most frequent cause of scapula winging.
  • Other potential causes include nerve injuries and muscular imbalances.
  • Treatment approaches vary depending on the underlying etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Long thoracic nerve lesions are a primary cause of scapula winging.
  • Comprehensive understanding of anatomy and etiology is key to successful treatment.
  • Further research into less common causes and novel treatments is warranted.