Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Survey Safety01:28

Survey Safety

447
Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
447
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

636
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
636
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

419
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
419
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

682
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
682
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

351
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
351
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

312
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
312

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Personality traits, sensation seeking, and cycling safety outcomes: A multi-country study.

Journal of safety research·2026
Same author

When feeling safe becomes risky: A VR-EEG-computer vision framework for analyzing cyclist safety in dynamic traffic environment.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2026
Same author

Smarter cycling, safer cycling? Acceptance of advanced cyclist assistance systems in 19 European countries.

Ergonomics·2025
Same author

Sensation seeking in cycling and self-reported riding behavior: Data to assess demographic and individual correlates.

Data in brief·2025
Same author

Is our growing affinity for technology a challenge for preventing distracted cycling? An Australian study.

Traffic injury prevention·2025
Same author

Understanding e-scooter rider crash severity using a built environment typology: A two-stage clustering and random parameter model analysis.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
07:30

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

Published on: September 21, 2017

9.4K

How safe are children when transported by bicycle?

Jennifer Oxley1, Steve O'Hern1, Simon Raftery2

  • 1a Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash University , Clayton , Australia.

Traffic Injury Prevention
|September 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Child cyclists under 10 years old experienced fewer injuries over 15 years, but head injuries were more common in very young children (0-3 years) riding bikes. This highlights the need for improved safety measures for young passengers.

Keywords:
Bicyclebike child carrierchild safetyinjury outcomeinjury patterns

More Related Videos

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior
06:38

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

5.4K
Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds
06:00

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

Published on: December 9, 2022

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
07:30

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

Published on: September 21, 2017

9.4K
Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior
06:38

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

5.4K
Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds
06:00

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

Published on: December 9, 2022

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric injury epidemiology
  • Bicycle safety research
  • Public health surveillance

Background:

  • Increasing popularity of cycling and bicycle child carriers raises concerns about child passenger safety.
  • Limited understanding of the specific injury patterns and outcomes for child bicycle riders and passengers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze injury data and understand the nature and extent of injuries sustained by child bicycle riders and passengers.
  • To identify injury patterns and outcomes in different age groups of child cyclists.
  • To enhance the understanding of child safety in bicycle transportation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Victorian hospital data, including emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions.
  • Examination of data over a 15-year period (July 1, 1999, to June 30, 2014).
  • Comparison of injury outcomes among children aged 0-3 years, 4-6 years, and 7-10 years.

Main Results:

  • A total of 17,859 ED presentations and 4,794 hospitalizations for child cyclists under 10 years.
  • Rates of ED presentations and hospital admissions decreased by 1.5% and 5.0%, respectively.
  • Head injuries were most common (34.9% ED, 36.5% hospital admissions). Children aged 0-3 years were more likely to sustain head injuries requiring hospitalization and had more open wounds. Older children (7-10 years) more frequently injured arms, wrists, or hands.

Conclusions:

  • Younger children (0-3 years) are at higher risk for head injuries when on bicycles, likely due to their passenger status in seats or trailers with limited protection.
  • Child cyclist injuries represent a significant safety concern, particularly for the youngest age group.
  • The study provides an overview of injury magnitude and severity, emphasizing age-specific risks in pediatric cycling.