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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.6K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
3.6K

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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[Current aspects of vertigo and dizziness in advanced age].

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[Erratum to: Management of acute vertigo and dizziness : Patients in emergency departments in Germany].

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[From the expert's Office: Objective diagnostic by means of chirp stimulation used for auditory steady state responses (ASSR) in the assessment of hearing impairment].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats
07:08

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

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[Otoconia : Current aspects of research].

L E Walther1

  • 1HNO-Gemeinschaftspraxis, Main-Taunus-Zentrum, 65843, Sulzbach (Taunus), Deutschland. Leif.Walther@hno-praxis-sulzbach.de.

HNO
|September 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Otoconia, tiny calcite structures in the ear, can be studied using biomimetic models. These models help understand how chemical changes cause otoconia degeneration, crucial for inner ear health.

Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization
  • Otolaryngology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Otoconia are essential biocomposites in the inner ear, primarily composed of calcite (>90%) and organic material (<10%).
  • Their mean size is approximately 10 µm, with a distinct external cylindrical, bulbous shape and internal branching structures.
  • Morphological changes, or degeneration, can occur due to various factors, impacting their function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the morphological characteristics of otoconia.
  • To understand the mechanisms of otoconia degeneration.
  • To establish artificial otoconia as a model for studying these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for intact otoconia identification.
  • Physical and chemical analytical methods to trace particle origins after degeneration.
Keywords:
Inner earOtoconiaSacculeUtricleVertigo

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  • In vitro induction of degeneration using pH alterations, electrolyte imbalance, and complex formation.

    • Main Results:

    • SEM is crucial for identifying intact otoconia morphology.
    • Physical and chemical analyses can identify the origin of degenerated otoconia particles.
    • In vitro experiments demonstrated that pH changes, electrolyte imbalance, and complex formation induce irreversible otoconia degeneration.

    Conclusions:

    • Artificial (biomimetic) otoconia provide a viable model system for studying otoconia.
    • Chemical influences significantly impact otoconia integrity, leading to degeneration.
    • Understanding these degenerative processes is key for potential therapeutic interventions.