A versatile approach towards multi-functional surfaces via covalently attaching hydrogel thin layers

In this study, a robust and straightforward method to covalently attach multi-functional hydrogel thin layers onto substrates was provided. In our strategy, double bonds were firstly introduced onto substrates to provide anchoring points for hydrogel layers, and then hydrogel thin layers were prepared via surface cross-linking copolymerization of the immobilized double bonds with functional monomers. Sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), sodium allysulfonate (SAS), and methyl acryloyloxygen ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (METAC) were selected as functional monomers to form hydrogel layers onto polyether sulfone (PES) membrane surfaces, respectively. The thickness of the formed hydrogel layers could be controlled, and the layers showed excellent long-term stability. The PSBMA hydrogel layer exhibited superior antifouling property demonstrated by undetectable protein adsorption and excellent bacteria resistant property; after attaching PSAS hydrogel layer, the membrane showed incoagulable surface property when contacting with blood confirmed by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) value exceeding 600s; while, the PMETAC hydrogel thin layer could effectively kill attached bacteria. The proposed method provides a new platform to directly modify material surfaces with desired properties, and thus has great potential to be widely used in designing materials for blood purification, drug delivery, wound dressing, and intelligent biosensors.