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Related Concept Videos

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...
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Is Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease a Slow Acute Kidney Injury?

Larry D Cowgill1, David J Polzin2, Jonathan Elliott3

  • 1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|September 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Early kidney disease stages, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 1 and acute kidney injury (AKI) Grade I, are often overlooked. New biomarkers may link these conditions, improving diagnosis and treatment for pets.

Keywords:
IRIS AKI grade IIRIS CKD stage 1Kidney biomarkersProgressive chronic kidney disease

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Nephrology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Companion Animal Health

Background:

  • International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 1 and acute kidney injury (AKI) Grade I are frequently misdiagnosed or ignored due to asymptomatic presentation.
  • These early-stage kidney conditions in dogs and cats often lack clear diagnostic markers, hindering timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential mechanistic links between early CKD and AKI in companion animals.
  • To investigate the role of novel kidney injury biomarkers in redefining the understanding and diagnosis of early kidney disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence suggesting mechanistic interrelationships between early CKD and AKI.
  • Exploration of the potential application of active kidney injury biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence indicates a potential mechanistic link between seemingly distinct early kidney disease stages.
  • Active kidney injury biomarkers show promise in identifying and understanding the progression of these conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Validated kidney injury biomarkers could revolutionize the early identification and management of kidney disease in dogs and cats.
  • A new paradigm for diagnosing and treating urinary disease in companion animals may emerge from biomarker research.