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Related Concept Videos

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Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
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Is Hydrogen Peroxide a Suitable Apoptosis Inducer for All Cell Types?

Jinmei Xiang1, Chunyun Wan2, Rui Guo3

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Vocational College of Bio-Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.

Biomed Research International
|September 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effectively induces apoptosis across cell types, but optimal dosing varies significantly. Cell lines require lower H2O2 concentrations and shorter exposure times than primary cells to prevent necroptosis or necrosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a widely used apoptosis inducer with broad cytotoxic effects.
  • Differential sensitivity to H2O2 across cell types necessitates understanding dose-response relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential sensitivity of various cell types to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis.
  • To determine optimal H2O2 dosing and exposure times for different cell types to control cell death pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of 293T cell line, primary fibroblasts, and myocardial cells with a range of H2O2 doses.
  • Cytochemical measurement of apoptosis initiation and endpoint.
  • RT-PCR analysis of caspase-9, P53, NF-κB, and RIP expression.

Main Results:

  • 293T cells exhibited high sensitivity, undergoing apoptosis/necroptosis at 0.1–1.6 mM H2O2.
  • Primary cells showed necroptosis at >0.4 mM H2O2 and apoptosis at <0.4 mM.
  • Primary cells survived longer (36 hours) at <0.2 mM H2O2, indicating cell-type specific responses.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile apoptosis inducer, but effective concentrations and exposure times are cell-type dependent.
  • Optimizing H2O2 treatment requires careful consideration of cell line versus primary cell characteristics to avoid unintended cell death mechanisms like necroptosis or necrosis.