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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Oligodactyly with Thumb.

Goo Hyun Baek1, Jihyeung Kim1

  • 11 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea.

The Journal of Hand Surgery Asian-Pacific Volume
|September 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Oligodactyly with thumb, a rare hand anomaly, presents with fewer than five fingers and normal forearm bones. This study analyzes clinical and radiographic features, proposing a new classification system for this condition.

Area of Science:

  • Congenital anomalies
  • Hand surgery
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Oligodactyly is a rare congenital upper extremity anomaly defined by fewer than five fingers.
  • It can occur independently of forearm bone abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present clinical and radiographic features of hand oligodactyly specifically involving the thumb.
  • To introduce a novel classification system for this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of five patients with oligodactyly with thumb and normal forearm bones.
  • Analysis of carpal and metacarpal bone abnormalities, forearm bone lengths, and wrist width via radiographs.
  • Development of a classification system based on thumb deformities and missing digit locations.
Keywords:
Central deficiencyHandOligodactylyThumbUlnar longitudinal deficiency

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Main Results:

  • Commonly associated anomalies include syndactyly and hypertrophied metacarpals.
  • Missing digits were predominantly ulnar-sided or central.
  • Forearm bones were slightly shorter and wrist width narrower compared to the contralateral side.

Conclusions:

  • Oligodactyly with thumb can represent ulnar, central, or combined longitudinal deficiency.
  • A new classification system is proposed based on missing digit location and thumb deformities.