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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.1K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.0K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
111

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation
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Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

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Regulatory T cells in allergic diseases.

Magali Noval Rivas1, Talal A Chatila2

  • 1Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatric, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|September 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for immune tolerance to allergens. In allergic diseases, Treg cells can become pathogenic, worsening symptoms and highlighting new therapeutic targets for chronic conditions.

Keywords:
AsthmaIL-4T(H)2 cellsfood allergyforkhead box P3regulatory T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Pathogenesis
  • Immune Tolerance

Background:

  • Allergic diseases stem from a failure in immune tolerance to allergens.
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are vital for maintaining this tolerance.
  • The precise mechanisms of Treg cell dysfunction in allergies remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established and emerging mechanisms of Treg cell function in allergen tolerance.
  • To explore the dual role of Treg cells in allergic diseases.
  • To identify therapeutic opportunities for chronic allergic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current concepts and established mechanisms.
  • Discussion of recent advances in Treg cell functionality.
  • Analysis of Treg cell plasticity in proallergic environments.

Main Results:

  • Treg cells are essential for promoting allergen tolerance.
  • A proallergic inflammatory environment can induce a pathogenic Treg cell phenotype.
  • This skewing of Treg cells exacerbates and perpetuates allergic disease.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Treg cell dysfunction offers novel therapeutic avenues.
  • Strategies targeting Treg cell stability and function may re-establish tolerance.
  • This approach holds promise for treating chronic allergic diseases.