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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications
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Sampling Hyperpolarized Molecules Utilizing a 1 Tesla Permanent Magnetic Field.

Sui Seng Tee1, Valentina DiGialleonardo1, Roozbeh Eskandari1

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Using a permanent magnet with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP MRS) can extend signal lifetimes. This cost-effective method enhances the observation of biological reactions and metabolic changes in vivo.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP MRS) with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) significantly boosts sensitivity for (13)C nuclei detection.
  • Signal polarization in HP MRS decays over time due to spin-lattice relaxation (T1), limiting the observation of rapid biological processes.
  • Signal acquisition in HP MRS depletes polarization, further restricting temporal resolution for studying dynamic biological reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of a permanent magnet at 1 Tesla (1T) for sampling hyperpolarized signals.
  • To determine if this method can extend T1 relaxation times without compromising signal-to-noise ratio.
  • To assess the feasibility of obtaining biologically relevant information using this approach in various biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling of hyperpolarized (13)C signals using a permanent magnet system operating at 1 Tesla.
  • Measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) in liquid state samples.
  • Application of the technique to enzyme solutions, whole cells, and a xenograft tumor model.

Main Results:

  • Sampling hyperpolarized signals with a 1T permanent magnet effectively increases T1 relaxation times.
  • Signal-to-noise ratio is maintained, allowing for sensitive detection.
  • Biologically relevant metabolic information, including pyruvate metabolism changes in a xenograft model, was successfully obtained.

Conclusions:

  • Permanent magnet-based HP MRS at 1T offers a simple, cost-effective strategy to overcome temporal limitations in observing biological reactions.
  • This approach enables the acquisition of valuable metabolic data in enzyme solutions, whole cells, and in vivo preclinical models.
  • The findings support the broader application of HP MRS for studying dynamic biological processes at lower field strengths.