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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Related Experiment Video

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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Interaction between Cannabinoid System and Toll-Like Receptors Controls Inflammation.

Kathleen L McCoy1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA.

Mediators of Inflammation
|September 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cannabinoids, interacting with the endocannabinoid system, can suppress inflammatory responses mediated by Toll-like receptors. Innate immune cells also influence this system, suggesting a bidirectional relationship with therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises receptors, ligands, and enzymes, with renewed interest in cannabinoids for therapeutic applications.
  • Cannabinoids are known to modulate immune responses, particularly inflammation triggered by pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key pattern-recognition receptors on innate immune cells involved in initiating inflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the endocannabinoid system and the Toll-like receptor family.
  • To evaluate the intricate interaction between the innate immune system and the ECS.
  • To explore potential molecular targets for treating chronic inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on the ECS and innate immunity.
  • Analysis of the role of TLRs in cannabinoid-mediated immune modulation.
  • Examination of the bidirectional communication between innate immune cells and the ECS.

Main Results:

  • Cannabinoids effectively suppress TLR-mediated inflammatory responses.
  • Innate immune cells express cannabinoid receptors and produce endogenous cannabinoids.
  • A reciprocal relationship exists where innate immune cells regulate ECS homeostasis and vice versa.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between the ECS and innate immunity is bidirectional.
  • Innate immune cells play a role in regulating the ECS.
  • Understanding this interplay may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory conditions.