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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

2.1K
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment
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Orthodontic treatment stability predictors: A retrospective longitudinal study.

Paloma González-Gil de Bernabé, José María Montiel-Company, Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo

    The Angle Orthodontist
    |September 7, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Orthodontic treatment stability is generally good, with most patients achieving relative stability. However, lower anterior alignment and overbite can worsen, while fixed retainers improve stability and longer retention periods reduce instability.

    Keywords:
    Follow-up studyLong-term stabilityOrthodontic retainer and retentionRelapseTreatment outcome

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthodontics
    • Dental Research
    • Longitudinal Studies

    Background:

    • Orthodontic treatment aims for long-term stability.
    • Understanding factors influencing post-treatment stability is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate medium- to long-term orthodontic treatment stability.
    • To identify variables associated with treatment stability.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective longitudinal study of 70 postretention patients.
    • Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index measured at start, end, and 4-10 years post-treatment.
    • Stability defined as absolute (identical scores) or relative (within ±5 range).

    Main Results:

    • Mean pre-treatment PAR score was 29.8, post-treatment 6.3.
    • Mean T2-T3 difference was -0.39, indicating minimal change.
    • 7.1% absolute stability, 68.6% relative stability observed.
    • Lower anterior segment alignment and overbite were least stable features.

    Conclusions:

    • Most patients achieve relative orthodontic stability.
    • Fixed retainers are protective against instability (OR 0.31).
    • Longer periods without retention increase instability risk (OR 1.32).
    • High post-treatment PAR scores and prior extractions predict midline instability.