Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

73
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
73
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

122
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
122
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

88
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
88
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

73
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
73
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

94
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
94
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

99
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
99

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Paradoxes in the Ontological Classification of Glia-Evidence for an Important New Class of Brain Cells with Primary Functions in Iron Regulation.

Cells·2026
Same author

The circulating proteome and cancer risk: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 26 prospective studies with genetic validation.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

The plasma proteome of plant-based diets: Analyses of 2920 proteins in 49,615 people.

Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)·2025
Same author

The complexity of tobacco smoke-induced mutagenesis in head and neck cancer.

Nature genetics·2025
Same author

Updating the diagnosis and management of elevated serum ferritin levels in the era of routine ferritin testing of blood donors by Australian Red Cross Lifeblood.

The Medical journal of Australia·2025
Same author

A Triple Mystery of Insidious Organ Failure: Are the Lung, Kidney and Brain All Damaged by the Ageing Pulse?

Biomedicines·2024
Same journal

Modeling Hybridization Kinetics of Gene Probes in a DNA Biochip Using FEMLAB.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)·2017
Same journal

Microarray Selection of Cooperative Peptides for Modulating Enzyme Activities.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)·2017
Same journal

Avian and Mammalian Facilitative Glucose Transporters.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)·2017
Same journal

Use of a Pan-Genomic DNA Microarray in Determination of the Phylogenetic Relatedness among Cronobacter spp. and Its Use as a Data Mining Tool to Understand Cronobacter Biology.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)·2017
Same journal

A New Distribution Family for Microarray Data.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)·2017
Same journal

DNA Microarray-Based Screening and  Characterization of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)·2017
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications
13:33

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications

Published on: November 19, 2013

40.0K

Advantages of Array-Based Technologies for Pre-Emptive Pharmacogenomics Testing.

Al Shahandeh1, Daniel M Johnstone2, Joshua R Atkins3

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia. Ali.Shahandeh@uon.edu.au.

Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microarray technology offers rapid, cost-effective genome-wide screening for known genomic variants, especially for large sample sizes. While next-generation sequencing is advancing, microarrays remain optimal for specific clinical genetic screening applications.

Keywords:
microarraynext-generation sequencingpersonalized healthcarepharmacogenomics

More Related Videos

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.8K
Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray
07:35

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Published on: April 25, 2014

13.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications
13:33

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications

Published on: November 19, 2013

40.0K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.8K
Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray
07:35

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Published on: April 25, 2014

13.3K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Clinical Genetics

Background:

  • Microarray technology is a rapid, inexpensive tool for identifying known genomic variants and gene transcripts.
  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is emerging in clinical genetics, particularly for novel mutations.
  • Whole genome sequencing faces implementation challenges in clinical practice due to potential errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the advantages of microarray technology versus next-generation sequencing in clinical genetic screening.
  • To highlight applications where microarrays remain the preferred technology.
  • To discuss the efficient use of research resources in genetic screening.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies.
  • Review of current applications in clinical genetic screening and pharmacogenomics.
  • Consideration of cost-effectiveness and scalability for large sample sizes.

Main Results:

  • Microarrays provide fast, cost-effective screening of known variants, ideal for large-scale projects.
  • Custom-designed arrays are suitable for accredited clinical genetic screening services.
  • NGS, despite advancements, requires additional validation for clinical use due to potential errors.

Conclusions:

  • Microarrays are currently the preferred technology for fast, cost-effective genome-wide screening of known variants.
  • Appropriate selection of technology (microarray vs. NGS) is crucial to avoid wasting research resources.
  • Microarrays offer distinct advantages in specific clinical genetic screening scenarios, particularly with large datasets.