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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Using a Foreign Language Changes Our Choices.

Sayuri Hayakawa1, Albert Costa2, Alice Foucart3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|September 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Using a foreign language impacts decisions about risk, inference, and morality. This effect may stem from reduced emotional responses and increased deliberation when using a non-native tongue.

Keywords:
decision-makingforeign languagemoralityrisk.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • A growing body of research indicates that foreign language use influences decision-making.
  • This phenomenon is counterintuitive, as understanding options should lead to language-independent choices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of foreign language use on decisions involving risk, inference, and morality.
  • To explore potential explanations for this observed effect.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining foreign language effects on decision-making.
  • Analysis of psychological mechanisms potentially mediating these effects.

Main Results:

  • Foreign language use demonstrably affects choices related to risk, inference, and morality.
  • Key explanatory factors include reduced emotional intensity, increased psychological distance, and heightened deliberation.

Conclusions:

  • The language in which options are considered significantly impacts human judgment and decision-making.
  • Psychological distance and reduced emotionality are key mechanisms driving these foreign language effects.